Faraday's last experiment

Support the channel and get the Notes with all the equations https://ko-fi.com/jkzero/shop In 1862, Faraday placed a flame between the poles of a magnet and searched for changes in the spectral lines and found nothing. In this video, I share the story of Zeeman's 1896 repetition of the experiment with better equipment, Lorentz's classical explanation developed over a single weekend, and the precise experimental confirmation of a model that would soon collide with results nobody could explain. [References] [1] M. Faraday, "Faraday's Diary," Vol. 7, T. Martin, Ed. (1936) [2] A. J. Kox, "The discovery of the electron: II. The Zeeman effect," Eur. J. Phys. 18, 139 (1997) [3] P. Zeeman, "Over de invloed eener magnetisatie op den aard van het door een stof uitgezonden licht," Versl. Kon. Ak. Wet. 5, 181 (1896) [4] P. Zeeman, "Over de invloed eener magnetisatie op den aard van het door een stof uitgezonden licht - II," Versl. Kon. Ak. Wet. 5, 242 (1896) [5] P. Zeeman, "The effect of magnetisation on the nature of the light emitted by a substance," Nature 55, 347 (1897) [6] P. Zeeman, "On the influence of magnetism on the nature of the light emitted by a substance," Phil. Mag. 43, 226 (1897) [7] P. Zeeman, "On the influence of magnetism on the nature of the light emitted by a substance," Ap. J. 5, 332 (1897) [8] P. Zeeman, "Doublets and triplets in the spectrum produced by external magnetic forces - I," Phil. Mag. 44, 55 (1897) [9] P. Zeeman, "Doublets and triplets in the spectrum produced by external magnetic forces - I," Phil. Mag. 44, 255 (1897) [10] D. Weaire and S. O'Connor, "Unfulfilled renown: Thomas Preston (1860–1900) and the anomalous Zeeman effect," Ann. Sci. 44, 617 (1987) [11] T. Preston, "Radiation phenomena in a strong magnetic field," Sc. Trans. R. Dub. Soc. 6, 385 (1898) [12] A. Cornu, "On the Observation and Kinematic Interpretation of the Phenomena Observed by Dr. Zeeman," Ap.J. 6, 378 (1897) [13] J. J. Thomson, "Cathode rays," The Electrician, 39, 104 (1897) [Credits] Documentary "Gespleten Licht" University of Amsterdam (1996) Split Light - documentary about the discov... Original electro-magnet made for Faraday in 1845 by Acme Newspictures, public domain Flame of burning candle by Susongko, free use via Vecteezy https://www.vecteezy.com/video/547522... Standard model of elementary particles by Cush, public domain Quantum projection of S onto z for spin half particles by T. Knott under CC BY-SA 4.0 Periodic Table by GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH Zonnemaire postcard by Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed, under CC BY-SA 4.0 Zonnemaire by Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed, under CC BY-SA 4.0 SunRISE Mission by NASA/JPL, public domain Stunning aurora borealis by F. Cone, free use via Pexels https://www.pexels.com/video/stunning... Northern-lights-timelapse by T. Honkamies, free use via Pexels https://www.pexels.com/video/northern... Nature, first issue; credit Nature Explanation of how the magnetic field on a star affects the light emitted, European Southern Observatory (ESO) Leiden - Uitzicht vanaf de Rijnsburgerbrug 1900, public domain Transverse magneto-optic Kerr effect by J. Terschluesen, public domain Kamerlingh Onnes' laboratory, public domain Circularly polarized light left handed by Dave3457, public domain Circularly polarized light right handed by Dave3457, public domain Zeeman Laboratorium, public domain Simulated emission spectrum of neutral Sodium by A. Kramida et al., NIST, public domain Simulated emission spectrum of neutral Cadmium by A. Kramida et al., NIST, public domain Simulated emission spectrum of neutral Zinc by A. Kramida et al., NIST, public domain Dam square, Amsterdam, 1890s, public domain George Francis FitzGerald, public domain Thomas Preston, AIP Alfred Cornu, public domain Wollaston prism by Fgalore under CC BY-SA 3.0 Oliver Joseph Lodge by Lafayette Ltd. under CC BY 4.0 J. J. Thomson, public domain AIP: American Institute of Physics, Emilio Segrè Visual Archives CC BY-SA 3.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/... CC BY 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/... CC BY-SA 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/...